According to ChainCatcher, independent researcher Chen Jian said that there are currently two main ways to solve the fragmentation of Ethereum liquidity: chain abstraction and clustering.

Chain abstraction is achieved by grafting another chain on top of all L2 to relay routing transactions.

The clustering method is to place a hub under L2 for routing and transfer, or a shared sorter. Both OP Superchain and Puffer Finance's Based Rollup adopt this idea.

Technically, it is relatively easy to solve the fragmentation of Ethereum. The main bottleneck is at the economic game level, which requires the Ethereum Foundation to be stronger and more united, and find a balance point of profit sharing and win-win.